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First, they can be programed for only a limited amount of time before they become unreliable.

NAND flash memory cells come with a few interesting attributes. Reading from an SSD, however, is relatively simple, where the controller doesn't have to do a lot of work. In reality, writing to an SSD is very a complicated process. In a nutshell, the memory cells store voltage and can be in either an on (1) or off (0) state, which allows them to store data in a binary form. Since these are not magnetic platters we're talking about, the act of writing to an SSD occurs when the controller programs the memory cells to store the information. The former is faster and lasts longer, but is also much more expensive than the latter. Enterprise SSDs generally use single-layer-cell (SLC) NAND, while consumer-grade SSDs use multiple-layer-cell NAND. Unlike the controller interface, which you can see by looking at an SSD, the SSD controller is on the inside and invisible to users.ДЄll modern standard SSDs use NAND flash memory, which is integrated circuits designed to store information. Most standard SSDs support the SATA controller interface that includes SATA (1.5Gbps), SATA 2 (3Gpbs), and SATA 3 (6Gbps).

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(Phrases in italics will be explained below.)ДЄn SSD's controller is not to be confused with I/O controller interface, such as Serial ATA (SATA), which determines how a storage drive (both SSD and hard drive) is physically connected to a host. Popular functions and features decided by the controller include writing, reading, erasing, error checking, encryption, garbage collection, wear-leveling, RAISE, and over-provisioning.

The controller decides how an SSD performs and what features it offers. The controller executes codes provided by the SSD's firmware (a mini operating system) to fulfill the data requests from the host. These two components, and few others, are put together on a printed circuit board (PCB), which is housed inside a casing to make up an SSD.Д¬ontroller: In an SSD, the controller is an embedded processor that bridges flash memory components to the host (such as a computer). To understand how an SSD works, let's start with two most important parts: the controller and the NAND flash memory. Migrating to SSD: Get yourself a new computer without getting one.Storage basics, Part 2: External drive vs.Storage basics, Part 1: Internal storage vs.,It may be safer not to use Samsung SSDs with Linux, but it may not be safe enough. * that model before whitelisting all other intel SSDs. * The intel 510 drive has buggy DRAT/RZAT. * Whitelist drives that are known to reliably return zeroes

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* is only advisory, however, and the device is free to silently * the device successfully executed the DSM TRIM command. * unreliable in the sense that they only define what happens if * (Return Zero After Trim) flags in the ATA Command Set are * As defined, the DRAT (Deterministic Read After Trim) and RZAT Also be careful, even when you donВ’t enable the TRIM explicitly, at least since Ubuntu 14.04 the explicit FSTRIM runs in a cron once per week on all partitions В– the freeze of your storage for a couple of seconds will be your smallest problem. Our new deployments were switched to different SSD drives and we donВ’t recommend anyone to use any SSD that is anyhow mentioned in a bad way by the Linux kernel. Massive reboot of servers came into play to restore the data consistency but after many weeks of hunting a ghost we came to the end.ДЄs a result, we informed our server provider about the affected SSDs and they informed the manufacturer. Running a check on the files found nothing because they were never fetched again from the drive and just silently read from the memory. After disabling the TRIM, the live big files were no longer corrupted but the small files that were once mapped to the memory and never changed since then had two states В– correct content in the memory and corrupted one on the drive. When we were lucky enough, the misbehaving TRIM hit the super-block of the filesystem and caused a corruption. Therefore our files ended-up with 512 bytes of zeroes, files smaller than 512 bytes were completely zeroed. The system was issuing a TRIM to erase empty blocks, the command got misinterpreted by the drive and the controller erased blocks it was not supposed to. At this moment we finally got a complete picture of what was going on.